Linux basic commands
check the ip address
ifconfig |
Check the hidden ip address which are not correctly configured
ifconfig -a |
Change name servers of network
sudo nano /etc/resolv.conf |
check gateway address
netstat -r |
Find all files with in the system
sudo find / -name "*php.ini*" |
Find all file and folder count
for t in files links directories; do echo `find . -type ${t:0:1} | wc -l` $t; done 2> /dev/nu |
Find the total number of files/folder in a folder
find . -type f | wc -l |
Server shutdown
sudo halt |
change password of current user
passwd |
Change user
su my_username |
Change directory
cd /abc/ |
ctrl + c to quit command
This command shows listing. l for long format, h for human readable, A for hidden files.
ls -lhA |
get list and permissions of the directories
ls -lh |
Get directory listing & size
du -h |
Get hard disk space information
df -h |
Shutdown is the command and -r is a flag which is used by the shutdown command. In this case the -r means reboot. 0 is the time in minutes before the shutdown occurs.
sudo shutdown -r 0 |
How to change keyboard language layout?
sudo nano /etc/default/keyboard
Change the “gb” to the two letter code for your country.
XKBLAYOUT="gb" |
Reboot the system to take effect
sudo reboot |
start the desktop
startx |
Install chromium browser
sudo apt-get install chromium-browser |
Make the browser more visually appealing enter the following
sudo apt-get install ttf-mscorefonts-installer |
List all the usb connecting devices.
lsusb |
Use the Ctrl-Alt-F1 shortcut keys to switch to the first console.
To switch back to Desktop mode, use the Ctrl-Alt-F7 shortcut keys.
How to correct wrong server time
rdate -s tick.greyware.com |
Get the current time
time |
Correct & sync the server time https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/NTP.html
In this example, filename.tar represents the file you are creating and files/directories represents the files or directories you want to put in the new file.
tar -cvf filename.tar /directories/files |
Compressed tar files are conventionally given the extension .tgz and are compressed with gzip.
tar -czvf filename.tar |
Copy all files in a tar file and also gzip it
sudo tar -cpf - /var/www/* | gzip > /home/filename.tar.gz |
unzip a compressed file
gzip -d file_name.sql.gz |
unzip an unrar file.
unrar x <filename>
copy file from server to server
scp username@domainname.com:/var/www/filename.tar.gz /home/ |
Convert tar.gz to tar file
tar -zxpf 2010-07-31-zain.tar.gz |
Unzip a gz file
gunzip filename.sql.gz |
copy and remove files from destination
cp -R var/www/* /var/www/new_directory/ |
change the ownership of a file or a directory
chown -R username:groupname /var/www/ |
View cronjob file
crontab -l |
edit cronjob file
crontab -e |
Edit user cron jobs
crontab -u [filesystem-username] -e |
Restart crontab service
service crond restart |
find process id
pidof lighttpd |
-9 is special Kill signal, which will kill the process.
kill -9 3486 |
delete all mails from a username
> /var/mail/username |
list all fonts on ubuntu
identify -list font |
install font on ubuntu
mv /var/www/font-name.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/ |
print history in a file
history >> file_name.txt |
show file content
tail file_name.txt |
Check user group
groups zalam |
nmap port scanner
apt-get install nmap |
nmap -sS -O 127.0.0.1 |
Show possible locations of php
whereis php |
Change file permissions
chmod -R 0775 <DIRECTORY/DIRECTORY/> |
Change file owner/group
chown -R ownername:groupname<DIRECTORY/DIRECTORY/> |
mark a file executable
chmod +x filename |
mount shared folder
sudo mount --bind /media/sf_E_DRIVE/ /var/www/e_drive/ |
Sync folder or file to another server
rsync -avz <currently_server_directory>//<remote_server_directory>/ --progress |
upload files via ftp
ncftpput -R -u<username> -p<password> <domain_name.com> /<local_directory>/ /<remote_directory>/ |
Show apache compiled modules
apache2 -l |
Install php extension to see php error trance
sudo apt-get install php5-xdebug |
How do I change the language via a terminal?
sudo nano/etc/default/locale |
LANG="en_US" |
LANGUAGE="en_US:en" |
Check Ubuntu current version/release/codename
lsb_release -a |
change password for webmin, if password lost
sudo /home/webmin-1.580/changepass.pl /etc/webmin <user_name><password> |
uninstall webmin
/etc/webmin/uninstall.sh |
Check last login of user on server
apt-get install finger |
finger |